home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- SPACE, Page 69A Restless Venus Unveiled
-
-
- Magellan peers to the volcanic surface of Earth's near twin
-
-
- Venus is the closest planet to Earth, and yet it retains an
- aura of mystery. The thick layer of clouds hiding its surface
- has long frustrated efforts to take a close look at the Venusian
- landscape.
-
- Now the veil is coming off. Last week NASA's Magellan
- spacecraft transmitted the most detailed pictures ever made of
- Earth's next-door neighbor. The radar images revealed a tortured
- topography with fault-like cracks in surprisingly regular
- patterns, craters as big as greater Los Angeles and volcanic
- mountains flanked by congealed rivers of lava at least 320 km
- (200 miles) long. Says James Head III, a Brown University
- geologist and member of the Magellan imaging team: "It's a
- revolutionary new view of Venus."
-
- The revolution almost didn't happen. When Magellan first
- took up its elliptical orbit around Venus on Aug. 10, its
- communications system inexplicably stopped working. Then the
- equipment started up, letting the space probe send back a few
- tantalizing images -- and stopped once more. Fearful that the
- spacecraft would lose contact with Earth permanently, engineers
- at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which is responsible for
- Magellan, put the imaging on hold while they tracked down the
- problem. It was apparently a faulty computer chip. Electronic
- signals have been rerouted to bypass the flaw, and meanwhile
- Magellan's control software is being entirely rewritten to make
- doubly sure there are no more lapses.
-
- If the probe keeps working, scientists will by next summer
- have mapped some 90% of the planet. Magellan's radar detectors
- can pick up features as small as 120 meters (394 ft.) across,
- 10 times smaller than anything ever seen before. That should be
- enough to begin answering some important questions about the
- geology and atmosphere of the planet. Although nearly the same
- size as Earth, Venus has an atmosphere thick with carbon dioxide
- and sulfuric acid. These gases have created an atmospheric
- pressure at the surface 90 times that of Earth and led to a
- greenhouse effect that keeps the temperature at 470 degrees C
- (900 degrees F), hot enough to melt lead and ensure that liquid
- water cannot exist.
-
- That is a plus for scientists. Without flowing liquids to
- cause erosion, the geological history of Venus has been
- preserved and can now be observed as if by time-lapse
- photography. For example, the outline of one mountain peak
- clearly shows how it was formed over time by three separate
- upward thrusts of the planet's surface. The atmosphere preserves
- the land in another way as well: the clouds are so dense that
- all but the largest incoming meteorites burn up before striking
- the surface. Earth has absorbed far more hits from meteorites,
- although much of the evidence has eroded away.
-
- Many scientists believe the Venusian volcanoes are still
- capable of erupting, and there is even a chance they may be
- caught in the act. After finishing a 243-day mapping mission,
- Magellan will start all over and do it again. Any change in the
- landscape that shows up in the second version -- new lava or
- other debris, for example -- would be strong evidence of
- volcanism, making Venus only the fourth body in the solar
- system, after Earth, Jupiter's moon Io and Neptune's moon
- Triton, where eruptions have been spotted.
-
- It is still debatable whether Venus shares one trait with
- Earth that is not shared by any other planet or moon: a surface
- divided into "tectonic plates" that slide around on a subsurface
- sea of semimolten rock, forming mountains where they collide and
- trenches where they pull apart. Because Venus is so similar to
- Earth in size and weight, the notion is plausible, and the
- initial images seem consistent with such a structure. But,
- cautions Caltech planetary scientist Bruce Murray, "the whole
- debate is premature. We must be very careful with this
- evidence." In fact, it is dangerous to generalize much about
- Venus just yet. Magellan has so far mapped only 1.5% of the
- planet's surface. It is possible that other areas will look
- vastly different, and that Venus may have more secrets to
- reveal.
-
-
- By Michael D. Lemonick. Reported by Edwin M. Reingold/Los
- Angeles.
-
-
-